30/01/2026
Chakufwa Chihana (1939–2006) was a prominent Malawian trade unionist, pro-democracy activist, and politician, widely regarded as a key figure in Malawi’s transition from decades of authoritarian one-party rule under President Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda to multi-party democracy.
Chihana was born on 22 March 1939, in Mhuju, Northern Nyasa District (now Rumphi), Malawi (then Nyasaland). He was educated at mission schools before receiving a scholarship to study at the Kampala School of Social Work in Uganda. He furthered his education in Sweden and the United Kingdom, focusing on labor and social studies.
The late Chakufwa Chihana, who served as the vice president of Malawi, is often called the "father of democracy in Malawi" and the "father of multipartism."
In his heydays, he was a fiery human rights activist, pro-democracy advocate, and trade unionist. His activism placed him at odds with the government of Kamuzu Banda, which considered him a threat and began persecuting him.
In the mid-60s, after he was detained and brutally assaulted by state agents, some Roman Catholic priests in Malawi hatched a plan to save his life by smuggling him out of the country into Kenya.
Chihana who by then was in his late 20s arrived in Nairobi where his fellow trade unionist Tom Mboya assisted him to get a job as Director Public of Public Relations in the Central Organization of Trade Union (COTU-K). This connection was a significant part of Chihana's development as a pan-African trade unionist before he turned his focus directly to the democratic struggle in Malawi in the 1970s and 1980s.
Even in exile in Nairobi, he still continued to write articles criticising President Kamuzu Banda's policies. Consequently, President Banda listed him among the people he wanted "dead or alive."
But as Mboya became a marked man and his position in the government became precarious, Chihana also became vulnerable since he could only rely on Mboya for protection.
On July 5, 1969, on the same day Mboya was assassinated, Chihana was declared persona non grata by the Kenyan government and abducted by security agents. He was escorted to Nairobi Airport, where he was bundled on an Ethiopian Airline plane.
He landed in Malawi, where President Banda straightaway locked him up for almost eight years. He was tortured and spent five years in solitary confinement. As a result of pressure from Amnesty International, he was released in 1977, but he never stopped agitating for multipartism.
He later fled to England, where he studied at Oxford and later taught in Botswana. In 1992, he returned to Malawi and called for multipartism, describing President Banda's party as "a party of death and darkness." For this reason, he was sentenced to two years in prison for sedition.
US vice president Al Gore, concerned about Chihana's detention, summoned Malawi's ambassador to the White House and demanded for his release. Four days after his release, Malawians voted overwhelmingly for multipartism in a referendum on 17 June 1993.
The following year, Chihana became the Second Vice President of Malawi under President Bakili Muluzi from 1994 to 1996. His tenure as Second Vice-President was marked by tensions within the coalition, and he was dismissed in 1996. He remained active in politics, though AFORD’s influence gradually waned.
Chakufwa Chihana passed away on June 12, 2006, from a brain tumor. He is remembered as a fearless champion of democracy and human rights who risked his life to challenge one of Africa’s longest-running dictatorships.