Democracy
Democracy, as a system of philosophical and political thought, arose at the end of the sixth century BC in Athens. The father of Athenian democracy was Cleisthenes, a political reformer in the Greek city-state. Although in application it was greatly limited in comparison to the contemporary conception of democracy – women, slaves, non-landowners, and those under 20 were excluded – it w
as nonetheless a dramatic socio-political development. The notion that all eligible citizens could participate in the Athenian legislative assembly that determined the laws of the state and ordinary citizens were selected to fill the government administrative and judicial offices was revolutionary – an alternative to rulers, tyrants, kings, and despots: imagine! Much has happened in the past two and a half millennia. In Canada there are no slaves, women obtained the right to vote federally in 1918, owning land is no longer a prerequisite for democratic participation, and the age of suffrage has dropped to18. Nonetheless we have far to go. Canada remains one of the few countries in the developed world still electing candidates using the archaic first-past-the-post-system, a winner-takes-all electoral approach that works well when there are only two political parties, but produces increasingly erratic and unrepresentative results the more political parties there are. A large and growing number of nations throughout world select candidates through one system or other of proportional representation, an electoral system that matches the number of elected representatives of each political party in fair proportion to their support in the land. And the electoral system is only the beginning of Canadian dysfunctionality. Our degraded senate is packed with failed candidates, party bagmen, and partisan hacks. The liquidation of per-vote federal political financing has given partisan fundraising undue importance. All these have reduced the political fabric of Canadian constitutional democracy – and of Canadian's faith in the democratic system itself. Vox populi
Vox populi is a Latin expression from mediaeval times, dating from before Charlemagne, meaning the "voice of the people." For democracy to be a meaningful concept, the voice of the people must heard in its practice. Political choice, as expressed by political parties, is only consequential if choices can find expression through the electoral system, and hence through the instruments of Parliament and government. If it is compromised by endless distortions it ceases to be a vehicle for governance that people have faith in and can rely upon. A playing field tilted in innumerable directions ceases to be a place where democracy can play out in a fair and effective manner. And so, Democracy: Vox populi. This is a window to share and discuss ideas of how to get there from here.