24/04/2026
24 April 1908
Barmaids 1, Winston Churchill 0! On this day in 1908, Winston Churchill was defeated in a North West Manchester by-election, losing his seat in part because of a high-profile campaign to defend barmaids’ jobs.
Churchill supported a Licensing Bill introduced by Liberal Prime Minister Herbert Asquith that aimed to impose much stricter regulation on pubs. Its most controversial proposal was a ban on the employment of women behind the bar. Although presented as a “protective” measure, it was widely criticised as moralistic and discriminatory, threatening the livelihoods of tens of thousands of working-class women.
In Manchester, sisters Eva Gore-Booth and Constance Markievicz helped establish the Barmaids’ Defence League and campaigned vigorously against both the bill and Churchill’s re-election. Their tactics included public meetings, leafleting, and dramatic street actions, such as touring the city in a horse-drawn carriage and addressing crowds in Stevenson Square.
The dispute also exposed tensions within socialist politics. Many socialists supported temperance and backed Asquith’s proposals, viewing alcohol as damaging to working class organisation, family life, and economic security. Others argued that banning women from bar work punished workers rather than addressing exploitation, highlighting the tension between moral reform and the defence of women’s right to work.
Come to the Working Class Movement Library and learn more! We hold a wide range of material illuminating the 1908 Barmaids’ Defence League campaign and its wider political context: pamphlets in the Temperance and Licensing section debating women’s employment behind the bar; Women’s Labour League pamphlets on conditions for women working in pubs and hotels; annual reports of the National Union of Women Workers, which frequently discuss service-sector employment campaigns. Early shop workers’ union material provides further context on waitresses and bar staff, while contemporary newspapers such as The Clarion and Votes for Women include 1908 coverage of women’s labour rights, suffrage activism, and protests surrounding Churchill’s Manchester by-election.