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The Battle of Bannockburn NTS, Glasgow Road, Whins Of Milton, Stirling (2026)

25/06/2026

Bannockburn World Cup Round #1

Hugh Despenser 'the Younger' (ENG) vs James Douglas (SCO)

Hugh Despenser 'the Younger' was the son and namesake of an English lord with a long history of service to King Edward I. The younger Hugh Despenser also enjoyed a close personal relationship with Edward II, whose niece Eleanor de Clare he married in 1306. His father also vigorously defended Edward II's familiar Sir Piers Gaveston during the crisis that cost Gaveston his life in 1312, which likely helped ingratiate both Despensers with Edward. It was the opinion of a contemporary chronicler at Lanercost Priory that Despenser was 'the King of England's right eye and, after the death of Piers de Gaveston, his chief counsellor'. He accompanied Edward II on the campaign that ended in disaster at Bannockburn, being granted lands forfeited by Sir John Graham and Bruce's nephew Sir Thomas Randolph on the way north. Despenser escaped the battlefield on 24 June, probably in King Edward's entourage, and actually benefited from the disaster, since his brother-in-law Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester, had been killed there without heirs. In the years that followed, Despenser vastly increased his personal landed interests, both through acquisition of former Clare lands and grants from the king. His acquisitive approach to lordship helped provoke an outright baronial rebellion from 1321-1322, but after this ended - no thanks to either Despenser or the king - in the defeat of the rebels, King Edward apparently felt free to lavish unrestrained patronage on his latest favourite. However, the Despensers used their newfound influence to alienate Edward's queen Isabella, who responded by orchestrating both their and her husband's downfall. Having secured custody of her son - the future Edward III - and recruited a mercenary army on the Continent, Isabella effectively invaded England in late 1326 and seized control of the government. The younger Despenser was hanged, drawn, and quartered at Hereford (pictured) and his remains displayed at Bristol, Dover, York, and Newcastle.

James Douglas is one of the most famous - and fearsome - figures from the First War of Scottish Independence. His father had been a relatively minor, thuggish laird from Lanarkshire whose lands had been forfeited by Edward I for fighting against the English crown after 1296. Left effectively landless and still a minor, Douglas (and probably his half-brothers Archibald and Hugh) may have fled to France, possibly returning to Scotland c. 1304 in the household of William Lamberton, Bishop of St Andrews. By the time Robert Bruce became King of Scots in 1306, Douglas may have been serving as a valet to Sir Henry Sinclair (or, less likely, Sir Robert Keith). After experimenting with the prospect of reaching an agreement with the English crown over his lost lands, by 1307 Douglas had come out in favour of King Robert I, and in the years that followed he carved out a fearsome reputation as one of the most dangerous and capable war leaders among the Bruce Scots. In February 1314, Douglas and his followers captured Roxburgh Castle by ruse, weakening the English administration in Scotland ahead of the Bannockburn campaign. On 24 June, he was personally knighted by King Robert ahead of the second day of fighting at Bannockburn. After 1314, Douglas became one of King Robert's closest councillors as well as continuing his vigorous and successful military career. His rise to prominence during this period was no doubt helped by the fact that his cousin Walter Stewart was now the king's brother-in-law. But it difficult to explain the remarkable favour shown to Douglas by Bruce without supposing they were also good friends, as the later Scottish poet John Barbour claims. By the end of the reign, Douglas was one of the great magnates of the kingdom - albeit having never been given the title 'earl' - and following King Robert's death Douglas carried the king's heart on crusade to what is now Spain. His death in this last, desperate act of service to his late lord cemented Douglas's chivalric reputation at home and abroad. He is alternately remembered as 'the Black Douglas' and 'the Good Sir James', in both cases for his formidable martial prowess.

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24/06/2026

in 1314, the Battle of Bannockburn came to an end. In fact, by now the fighting was probably more or less over.

At dawn on 24 June, the Scots moved east out of the New Park & formed up in three divisions - one led by King Robert's brother Edward Bruce, earl of Carrick, one led by the king's nephew Thomas Randolph, earl of Moray, & a reserve led by the king himself - between the Bannock Burn & the Pelstream. The English army was now effectively trapped in a narrow space where their superior numbers would have no effect.

Still doubting the ability of the Scots to stand up to them, & eager to be the first to kill or capture Bruce, the English cavalry charged into the Scots, all of whom were dismounted & armed with 'lancea' ('lances'/'spears'). The Scots held their ground, however, & their lances allowed them to hit the Englishmen on horseback at about the same distance that the horsemen could hit them.

The English now tried to pull their cavalry back & bring forward their infantry - particularly their archers - who might be better equipped to deal with the Scottish spearmen. A similar tactic had won the Battle of Falkirk for the English in 1298, but Bruce had apparently anticipated this as well. He had trained his spearmen to move in formation, allowing them to fill any space the English vacated & push the entire English army back into an ever tighter space.

Eventually, seeing that the battle was lost & apparently under a great deal of physical pressure from the Scots, Edward II left the battlefield. Once the king had fled, the whole English army began to panic and scatter. Some took refuge in the castle & were handed over to Bruce as prisoners when the garrison surrendered after the fighting was done. This would be expensive, but better than the alternative.

Those who fled south had to cross the Bannock Burn & anyone who slipped would simply be trampled by those fleeing behind them. According to the late fourteenth-century poet John Barbour, by this time in the morning you could have crossed the burn on the backs of the dead bodies without getting your feet wet!

23/06/2026

in 1314, the Battle of Bannockburn began. Today was mostly about manoeuvring, but fighting did take place that had a significant impact on the outcome of the battle.

The English came within sight of the Scottish army at around 3pm. The Scots were waiting in the New Park, a royal hunting park situated between the Bannock Burn and the Pelstream (in which the Visitor Centre now sits). Bruce had had his troops dig honeycombed pits filled with sharpened stakes between the entrance to the New Park and the Bannock Burn, meaning the English could only attack them on a narrow front.

The English vanguard did attack the Scots at the New Park, but without being able to count on their superior numbers they were repulsed. One of their leaders - Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester and nephew of Edward II - was knocked off his horse by an ordinary Scottish spearman. Another English knight, almost certainly Sir Henry de Bohun, was killed by King Robert himself, a story recorded in three separate sources (albeit with several details changing between accounts).

Meanwhile, a company of 300 English cavalry circumvented the New Park, possibly to cut off an anticipated Scottish retreat. Instead, they were chased off near St Ninians by a company of spearmen led by Bruce's nephew Thomas Randolph, earl of Moray. This firmly established the maximum distance the English would be able to cover without having to fight their way through the Scots on the first day.

Edward II now moved his whole army eastwards, camping with them on a narrow area of dry ground between the Bannock Burn and the Pelstream. This must have seemed about the best he could hope for in the circumstances. He had avoided the boggy and broken ground to the west of the New Park. He had crossed the Bannock Burn, meaning he had one less obstacle to worry about in terms of coming to grips with the Scots the following day. Overnight, the streams gave his troops access to fresh water and would also protect the army's flanks from Scottish raiding. He had, however, just walked straight into Bruce's trap...

22/06/2026

Bannockburn World Cup Round #1

Robert Clifford (ENG) vs Isabella of France (FRA)

Robert Clifford was born c. April 1274, making him probably only a few months older than Robert Bruce. At the time, his family's interests were primarily focused around the Welsh border but during his lengthy minority (1282-1295) most of his Welsh inheritance was claimed by others. He still had valuable estates in north-west England through his mother, Isabella de Vieuxpont, and when war broke out with Scotland in 1296, Clifford recognised that service to the English crown in this conflict provided a means of expanding his landed interests on both sides of the Scottish border. In July 1297, this brought him into direct conflict with Robert Bruce, then earl of Carrick, who alongside Robert Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow, and James, 5th High Steward of Scotland, had been fomenting rebellion in Ayrshire and Renfrewshire. Clifford and another English lord, Henry Percy, confronted Bruce and co. at Irvine, only for the Scots to submit without a fight. Clifford would go on to fight at the Battle of Falkirk in 1298, the Siege of Caerlaverock in 1300, and the Siege of Stirling in 1304. He was rewarded for his service with lands and offices both in England and Scotland. These included the lordship of Douglas, starting a feud between the Cliffords and the Douglases which would still be bubbling away in the 1390s, Bruce's former barony of Hart in County Durham, and lands in Cumberland belonging to Bruce's executed brother-in-law Sir Christopher Seton. Though initially close to Edward II, Clifford became embroiled in the baronial plot against Edward's familiar Piers Gaveston in 1312, guarding the border so that Gaveston could not flee to Scotland. At Bannockburn, on 23 June, he jointly led a company of 300 cavalry around the Scottish position, only to be chased off by Bruce's nephew Thomas Randolph, earl of Moray. On 24 June, Clifford was killed in the fighting but his body was returned to England by Bruce for burial at Shap Abbey in Yorkshire.

Isabella of France was the only daughter of King Philippe IV of France to survive to adulthood. Born in 1295, as early as 1298 she had been betrothed to Edward of Caernarvon in order to consolidate a recent peace deal between England and France. The wedding took place at Boulogne on 25 January 1308, when Isabella can have been no more than thirteen, and precisely one month later the couple were crowned King and Queen of England at Westminster Abbey. Though her husband was already unpopular with his barons, there is little evidence that their relationship was initially poor, other than some frustrations on her part that she was not being provided with sufficient revenues to live an appropriately lavish lifestyle. She seems to have accompanied King Edward as he came north in anticipation of the Bannockburn campaign in 1314, as on 29 May while at Newminster in Northumberland Edward confirmed the rights of a widow named Isolde de Rybille (whose husband John had been killed fighting the Scots in February) to custody of her son and her late husband's lands 'at the Queen’s request'. Isabella was apparently also with Edward at Berwick on 27 June, where she loaned him her privy seal so that he could send letters to his royal officers around the kingdom warning them that he had lost his own privy seal when fleeing from Bannockburn! It was only during the 1320s when Isabella and Edward's relationship truly fell apart, leading her to depose him in favour of their teenaged son Edward III. Isabella then effectively governed England for over three years until her son assumed personal responsibility for the kingdom, after which Isabella continued to enjoy a minor but still significant role in politics and diplomacy until her death in 1358.

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19/06/2026

Bannockburn World Cup Round #1

Marmaduke Tweng (ENG) vs Henry Beaumont (FRA)

Marmaduke Tweng was, despite his exotic-sounding name and the even more exotic-looking green parrots on his coat of arms, a baron from Yorkshire who had seized upon the Anglo-Scottish wars of the late thirteenth- and early fourteenth-centuries as a way to increase his chivalric renown and earn material rewards from the English crown. His parents, Marmaduke and Lucy Bruce (one of the Bruces of Skelton in Yorkshire), married in 1242, meaning he may well have been in his sixties by the time of Bannockburn. He is the only English knight credited with having fought his way out of the carnage at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297 (by which point he was probably already pushing 50), so he was certainly not someone to be trifled with in battle, regardless of his advancing years. He had also been involved in the kidnap and murder of Edward II's familiar Piers Gaveston in 1312, and in early 1314 he had been in the process of suing another of Edward's favourites Walter Fauconberg over rights to estates his late mother's estates. Marmaduke was no great friend of Edward II then, and had likely joined the army in 1314 mainly to advance his already impressive martial reputation. On 24 June, when the English army was panicking and fleeing from the field, the level-headed Marmaduke hid in a bush and waited until King Robert himself came past. Marmaduke then personally surrendered to the Scottish king and, if Robert was not already aware, made it known that Marmaduke's mum had been Lucy Bruce. Since this made them kinsmen, King Robert sent him on his way 'Arayit weile but ransoun fre' ('well-equipped and ransom-free').

Henry Beaumont was a distant relative of King Edward II of England who first rose to prominence in service to the English crown, particularly in Scotland. Through this, he developed a personal closeness with the English king which made him a faithful supporter of Edward II throughout his various conflicts with his disgruntled barons. It also made him a sometime target of the rebellious barons' ire, though he did not receive as much criticism as some of Edward's familiars, probably because his service to the crown in war helped justify the material rewards he received from the king. Around 1310, Beaumont married Alice Comyn, niece of the late John Comyn, earl of Buchan. Through Alice, Beaumont gained a claim to the earldom of Buchan, but he could not enjoy the lands and revenues associated with it so long as Robert Bruce - the Comyns' bitter rival - remained King of Scots. Beaumont thus became one of the most ardent and active opponents of the Bruce Scots. In early 1314, amid the preparations for the Bannockburn campaign, he assisted his mother-in-law Joanna Latimer to secure compensation after her lands at Faxfleet in Yorkshire were pillaged by 'brigands'. On 23 June, he jointly led a company of 300 cavalry in an effort to circumvent the Scottish army, only to be chased off by Bruce's nephew Thomas Randolph, earl of Moray. The following day, Beaumont escaped the battlefield and continued to be a major threat to the Bruce Scots well into the Second War of Scottish Independence.

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18/06/2026

Bannockburn World Cup Round #1

Edward II (ENG) vs Antonio Pessagno (ITA)

Edward II was King of England from 1307-1327 and was the overall leader of the English army here at Bannockburn. In November 1313, he announced his intention to come north into Scotland with an army, hoping to crush the rebellion (as he saw it) by Robert Bruce. Though he had led several armies into Scotland over the course of the war, Edward was a far less experienced and less talented war leader than Bruce, which played a major part in his defeat. He had a tendency to play favourites with his nobles, and his decision to gave his nephew the earl of Gloucester command of the vanguard (the most prestigious post in the army) created tensions between Gloucester and the more experienced earl of Hereford. When Edward tried to compromise by giving the two earls joint command of thw vanguard, this merely spread confusion among the soldiers in that part on his army. On arriving south of Stirling on 23 June and finding the Scots ensconced in a steong defensive position in the New Park (roughly where the Visitor Centre now sits), Edward marched his army eastward and camped with them overnight between the Bannock Burn and the Pelstream Burn. This must have seemed like a good idea at the time. It avoided the boggy areas to the west of the Scottish position and gave his troops access to the freshwater of the two streams, and there is no convincing evidence than any of the more experienced nobles in Edward's army objected to this manoeuvre. However, on the morning of 24 June, the Scots moved down into this narrow area and attacked the English, who could no longer exploit their superior numbers in such a confined space. Edward probably did more actual fighting on 24 June than Bruce did. He had a horse killed under him and is described in one source as using a mace to beat aside the hands of Scottish soldiers who sought to drag him off his horse and capture him. Several of Edward's personal household were killed or captured while covering his retreat, but Edward did successfully escape to Dunbar (almost 70 miles from the battlefield!) from where he took a ship back to Berwick. Edward remained at Berwick - trying to reassure his northern subjects that he would not abandon them to the Scots - until late July, finally moving south to York only because of fears that the Scots were going to surround Berwick and attempt to take him prisoner again.

Antonio Pessagno was a merchant from Genoa. He seems to have come to England c. 1306 to trade in wool, but by 1311 he was supplying spices, luxury goods, and - most importantly - loans to the English royal household. When the Frescobaldis, the Flornetine family who had previously been bankrolling the English crown, when bankrupt in that same year, Pessagno quickly emerged as Edward II's chief financier. Between March and June 1314 alone, Pessagno loaned King Edward £21,000 to fund the campaign that would end in defeat at Bannockburn, as well as directly providing unspecified supplies for the English army. Pessagno was knighted by Edward II in 1315 and in 1317 was appointed seneschal of Gascony. However, during the 1320s the relationship between King Edward and Pessagno began to break down, possibly due to Edward's increasing reliance on the Despenser family. It has been suggested - though never demonstrated - that Pessagno may even have helped finance Edward II's overthrow in 1326-7, and it was certainly from the victorious rebels that Pessagno finally recouped the outstanding debts that Edward owed him.

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17/06/2026

Bannockburn World Cup Round #1

Thomas Gray (ENG) vs Gilbert Hay (SCO)

Sir Thomas Gray was an English knight from Northumberland with a long history of serving the English crown in Scotland. His adventures were recorded by his son, also Sir Thomas Gray, who while a prisoner of the Scots in the 1350s began composing a chronicle known as the Scalacronica based in part on his father's recollections of the events described. The elder Gray had twice been wounded and left for dead, once following an attack by William Wallace on Lanark in 1297 and once after being 'struck through the head below the eyes by the bolt of a springald [i.e., a crossbow-like weapon]' during the siege of Stirling Castle in 1304. He received this second injury while rescuing Sir Henry Beaumont, in whose following Gray later fought at Bannockburn. On the first day of our battle, Gray accompanied Beaumont and c. 300 horseman as they sought to circumvent the Scots in the New Park, possibly hoping to scout out an alternative route to Stirling Castle or else to cut off an expected Scottish retreat. According to his son, when they saw Bruce's nephew Thomas Randolph, earl of Moray, approaching them with a company of spearmen, Gray counselled Beaumont to attack them before they could get into formation. Beaumont accused Gray of cowardice, which provoked Gray and his friend Sir William Deyncourt into charging the Scots on their own. Deyncourt was killed in this charge, while Gray's horse was killed under him and he himself was captured. Gray was apparently quickly ransomed however and continued to serve in the Scottish wars (for instance, losing another horse in a confrontation with Sir James Douglas near Jedburgh in 1317) until his death in the 1340s.

Sir Gilbert Hay was a relatively minor Perthshire laird who came out firmly in support of Robert Bruce's claim to the kingship in 1306. Neverthess, in September 1308, at Cambuskenneth Abbey near Stirling, he, Neil Campbell, and Alexander Seton made bodily oaths to physically protect King Robert from any future danger he might face. This may explain why, by March 1309, Hay had been appointed lord constable of Scotland by Bruce. The constable had various ceremonial and judicial duties but was also responsible for the king's personal safety. By 1312, he had been replaced as constable by Bruce's nephew David Strathbogie, earl of Atholl, possibly reflecting Atholl's status as an heir to the Comyns (who had dominated that office in the last decades of the thirteenth-century). Hay may have continued to execute the responsibilities of the constable however, which may in turn have helped alienate Atholl in the long run. When Atholl betrayed Bruce at Bannockburn, the king regranted the constableship to Hay and made the office hereditary, so that Hay's descendants would enjoy the office as well. Hay also served on a Scottish embassy sent to Durham in the autumn of 1314 to discuss a truce and, probably more importantly at the time, a prisoner exchange following the recent Scottish victory at Bannockburn. He outlived King Robert and died in April 1333, in the early months of the Second War of Scottish Independence.

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16/06/2026

Bannockburn World Cup Round #1

Robert Keith (SCO) vs Thomas Randolph, earl of Moray (SCO)

Robert Keith was the hereditary marischal of Scotland (a largely ceremonial role by the early fourteenth-century) with extensive experience in making war on the English in service of the 'patriotic' cause during the First War of Scottish Independence. He did not support Bruce's bid for the kingship in 1306 and had feuded with Bruce's allies the Campbells. However, by Christmas 1308 he had made his peace with King Robert and apparently reached a compromise with the Campbells too, as he quickly emerged as one of Bruce's closest councillors. In fact, research by Dr Matthew Hammond has shown that Keith was statistically the closest person in history to Robert Bruce - i.e., he appears alongside the king more regularly than anyone else. This closeness paid off at Bannockburn, according to the late fourteenth-century poet John Barbour. Barbour reports that, at an uncertain point on 24 June, Bruce noticed some English archers forming up in a position to shot at his spearmen, at which point Bruce turned to Keith and instructed him to deal with this situation. Keith hurriedly muster 500 men, who mount their 'lycht hors' ('light horses') and charge the archers. Being 'lycht' (in context, fast), Keith and his improvished cavalry force closed on the archers faster than they could unleash many arrows, driving them from the battlefield and saving the spearmen. In the years that followed, Keith received various generous grants of lands and rights from King Robert, particularly from north-eastern estates forfeited by Bruce's rivals the Comyns. Though he may have been about King Robert's age, he outlived the king by more than a decade, playing an important role in the royal administration of Bruce's son David II too.

Thomas Randolph, earl of Moray, was typically styled 'our beloved nephew' ('delecti nepoti nostri') by King Robert and was undoubtedly Bruce's most richly rewarded kinsman. Randolph's mother was likely an elder half-sister of the king. He certainly appears to have had no claim on the kingship, which descended through Bruce's father, suggesting Randolph's mother was a product of Bruce's mother's first marriage. Randolph was quick to support his uncle's bid for the kingship in 1306, though he did spend some time in English allegiance after being captured at the Battle of Methven. In 1312, his uncle King Robert revived the vacant earldom of Moray for Randolph, giving him access to extensive estates and revenues and elevating him to the highest level of the Scottish aristocracy. Randolph commanded one of the three main Scottish divisions at Bannockburn, alongside his uncles Robert Bruce and Edward Bruce. Barbour claims there was some friction between Bruce and Randolph on the first day of the battle, with Randolph being caught out of position, but in thjs Barbour was more likely trying to appeal to contemporary members of the Douglas kindred, who at the time Barbour was writing were local rivals of Randolph's grandsons the Dunbars. More certainly, Randolph played a crucial role in chasing off a company of English cavalry who had circumvented the Scottish position on 23 June, helping to ensure the English army was forced to take up position between the Bannock Burn and the Pelstream - precisely where his uncle wanted them. In the later years of his uncle's reign, when the king's health began to fail him, Randolph assumed extensive responsibility for administering the realm, and he also served as Guardian of Scotland on behalf of Bruce's underage son David II until his own death in 1332.

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15/06/2026

Bannockburn World Cup Round #1

Bernard, Abbot of Arbroath (SCO) vs Walter Fitz Gilbert (SCO)

Bernard, Abbot of Arbroath, was one of the key administrative figures in Scotland for almost all of Robert I's reign. He was serving as Abbot of Kilwinning in Ayrshire (Bruce's 'backyard', so to speak) in 1296 but was probably forced out by English pressure following the outbreak of the war. He enjoyed a remarkable resurgence under Bruce, who likely sponsored his election as Abbot of Arbroath and also appointed him as his chancellor. This made Bernard responsible for overseeing the production of official royal documentation and gave him a prominent position on the king's council. He may have been present at Bannockburn but is unlikely to have done any fighting, instead providing spiritual support to Bruce and his army and perhaps even continuing to serve an administrative function amid the preparations for the battle. Bernard also appears to have composed a verse chronicle celebrating King Robert's life, fragments of which survive in a fifteenth-century chronicle called the Scotichronicon. The fragmentary nature of the surviving evidence makes it difficult to say much for certain about it, but it was probably compiled between March 1324 and February 1327, a time of truce between Scotland and England when Scottish confidence was high. The tone seems to have been fairly triumphal, glorifying Bruce's cunning tactics and delighting in the birth of the king's son David. It also includes the earliest surviving version of the speech Bruce supposedly gave to his troops ahead of the fighting at Bannockburn. While it is unlikely Bruce gave any such address, it is at least likely what Bruce *wanted* people to think he said, since the document was likely commissioned by him for recitation at his court. As such, it provides valuable insight into Bruce's understanding of his own achievement in 1314. Bernard likely also had considerable influence over the contents of the famous Declaration of Arbroath in 1320 and towards the end of his life he also served as Bishop of the Isles, an appointment that may represent a reward of sorts from King Robert for Bernard's years of faithful service.

Walter Fitz Gilbert was not present at Bannockburn, but was serving the English as captain of Bothwell Castle (pictured, right) in Lanarkshire at the time of the battle. In the 1290s he appears to have been associated with the Stewarts, Bruce's great allies, so why exactly he was not supporting Bruce is unclear. However, following the English defeat at Bannockburn, a company of Englishmen led by Humphrey de Bohun, earl of Hereford, fled from the battlefield to Bothwell, being welcomed in by Walter and his men. Whatever his previous feelings towards Bruce, when Walter learned what had happened in the recent battle, he realised that now was not a good time to be a Scot in English employ. He thus took Humphrey and co. prisoner and wrote to King Robert, who at that time was overseeing the demolition of Stirling Castle, and offered to surrender Bothwell and all of his prisoners to the Scottish king in return for being allowed to switch sides! Bruce welcomed Walter with open arms, since Humphrey was a sufficiently prestigious prisoner to be exchanged for Bruce's wife Elizabeth, daughter from his first marriage Marjory, sister Christina, and Robert Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow, all of whom had been prisoners in England since 1306. In the years that followed, Walter was rewarded for his timely change of allegiance with grants of the baronies of Machan and Cadzow in Lanarkshire and Kinneil in West Lothian. By the 1380s, his grandson David had adopted the surname 'Hamilton' (from another of their Lanarkshire baronies) and the modern dukes of Hamilton are his descendants.

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The Battle of Bannockburn NTS

25/06/2026

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