02/08/2022
Robert Smalls was born a slave on April 5, 1839, in Beaufort, South Carolina. Both he and his mother were owned by John McKee, and the identity of his father is not known. Smalls worked in his master’s Beaufort home throughout his youth and, in 1851, moved to their home in Charleston. There he was hired out to work on the waterfront and became an expert navigator of the coast. In 1856, he married Hannah Jones, a slave who worked as a hotel maid in Charleston. They had two daughters, and a son that died of smallpox as a toddler.
During the Civil War, Smalls conscripted into service aboard the CSS Planter. On May 13, 1862, Smalls, along with his all black crew and their families, hijacked the ship and turned it over to the Union Navy. Piloting both the Planter, which was re–outfitted as a troop transport, and later the Keokuk, Smalls used his intimate knowledge of the South Carolina coast to aid the Union's military campaign.
Smalls entered politics during the war as a 1864 Republican National Convention Delegate. Upon his return to SC he helped found the SCGOP in 1867 and served as a delegate to the 1868 SC Constitutional Convention where he led efforts to make a free education available to all children, regardless of race. He served in the SC House of Representatives and in 1870 he was elected to the SC Senate, where he chaired the Public Printing Committee.
Elected to the US House of Representatives in 1874 to represent SC's 5th District and in 1884 to represent the 7th District, he is known for fighting against segregation, opposing plans to relocate African Americans to Liberia, and serving on a number of important committees. He also helped pass legislation that created the Parris Island Marine Corps Base.
Smalls died in February 1915, at the age of 75. He was buried in the churchyard of the Tabernacle Baptist Church in Beaufort. The churchyard monument to Smalls is inscribed with a statement he made to the SC General Assembly in 1895: "My race needs no special defense, for the past history of them in this country proves them to be the equal of any people anywhere. All they need is an equal chance in the battle of life."