02/10/2026
Stanley J. Kunitz, editor of the Wilson Bulletin, called it the “The Spectre at Richmond” —but the racial discrimination at the 1936 ALA Annual Conference was no ghostly apparition.
The conference was held in Richmond, Virginia, a city with Jim Crow-era racial segregation laws. While ALA itself had no segregation or discriminatory policies, up until 1936 it had not established any ruling against holding a conference in a segregated city where members would be subject to discrimination. Thus, “the Spectre” marched into the halls of the hotels and auditoriums, reminding all librarians present that there was still work to be done.
The Richmond Conference was attended by more than 2,800 people from May 11-16, 1936. About 25 Black librarians attended.
Read more about the 1936 conference and the movement for change that followed: https://bit.ly/3NNV42S