The 78th Air Refueling Squadron (ARS) was initially constituted on 30 January 1943 as the 78th Troop Carrier Squadron, Bowman Field, Kentucky. From 1943 to 1945, the unit was heavily involved in World War II European Operations flying the C-47 and C-53. While in the European Theater the 78th Troop Carrier Squadron was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation for its participation in the invasion of
Normandy. After the war, the unit was returned to Kellogg Field, Michigan and was activated on 15 November 1945. From 1947 to 1961, the 78th Troop Carrier Squadron saw several activations, inactivations, redesignations and changes in aircraft. It moved to Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, 8 May 1961 and was designated the Captain Shreve Squadron in honor of the bold frontiersman who was responsible for making the nearby Red River navigable. In 1947, the 78th was assigned to the Air Force Reserve and except for three brief periods of active duty, it has remained with the reserve component until the present time. In January 1963, the squadron became a group and was redesignated the 917th Troop Carrier Group. In 1972, the unit was deactivated. On 25 March 1981, the squadron was reactivated as the 78th Air Refueling Squadron Heavy (Associate) by HQ USAF Special Order G-32. The squadron became the first “associate” reserve unit to form a flying partnership with the active forces Strategic Air Command (SAC). Effective 1 September 1981, it was assigned as a USAF controlled USAF Reserve unit. On 1 October 1994 , the 78th Air Refueling Squadron relocated from Barksdale, Air Force Base, Louisiana, to McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey. Thus, beginning a new and challenging phase of the 78 ARS existence with the opportunity to make a significant contribution to the “Total Force Concept” and to the defense of the United States of America. From 1 January – 31 December 2004, the 78 ARS earned the prestigious Grover Loening Award as the “Best Air Refueling Squadron” in the Air Force Reserve Command. Again in 2005 the 78th ARS was honored with this award, making it the first time in history that a squadron has received this award for two consecutive years. In 2005, 2006 and 2007 the 78th ARS was awarded the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for its contributions to both Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, as well as, its sustained fight against terrorism. Finally, in 2008 the 78 ARS was awarded the 514th AMW Freedom Wing Award.