01/08/2026
On this day in 1814, on the south side of the Pembina River at Fort Daer, former Captain of the Queen’s Rangers, Governor of Assiniboia, and Superintendent for the Red River Colony Miles McDonnell signs into law the Pemmican Proclamation, which is the inciting act that started the Pemmican War.
The Selkirk settlers, who had first landed in the territory in 1812, suffered several years of drought and neglect. The promised arrival of more immigrants was delayed and wanting to save what little grain they had produced for the next year’s planting, the Selkirk settlers retreated to Pembina.
There first year in the Red River Valley went similarly. The settlers retreated to Pembina to survive the winter, where they built a fort on the south side of the river, opposite the North West Company, whose employees hosted the settlers with kindness in the winter of 1812-1813. By the following winter, however, the mood had soured, and the Selkirk settlers were threatened and harassed. Unable to hunt due to the increased hostility, and with no other options, Superintendent McDonnell had to act.
The Pemmican Proclamation was signed in an effort to alleviate the settler’s hardships and provide food for the colony. The Proclamation forbade the transportation of pemmican or any other food from the territory of Assiniboia for one year in the hopes that there would be enough food for the incoming settlers that spring. This enraged the North West Company who already saw the presence of the settlers as a threat, and now believed the proclamation was a ploy to starve out their wintering partners outside of the territory. That summer, to further secure food, McDonnell forbade the running of buffalo by horse in order to keep the herds close to the colony. This enraged the natives and the Métis especially, whose livelihood depended on hunting buffalo.
These two proclamations sparked conflict which resulted in the death of Governor Semple, who replaced McDonnel after he was arrested and transported to Montreal, and many other settlers at Seven Oaks in 1816 and is ultimately responsible for the end of the North West Company. The Hudson’s Bay Company absorbed the North West Company in 1821. McDonnell, for his part, was captured by NWC employees in 1815 and taken to Montreal to stand trial for the charge of stealing pemmican, though he never actually faced a judge. But on a cold January day in 1814, the proclamation was a promise to the hungry and destitute settlers that things would get better.