08/26/2026
Our atmosphere didn’t always have oxygen, and neither did our oceans.
That changed around 2.4 billion years ago, when the Great Oxidation Event began. By then, microorganisms in the ocean had developed oxygenic photosynthesis, releasing oxygen into the water.
Oxygenated water caused dissolved iron in the water to oxidize, forming rusty red minerals that fell to the seafloor. Changes in this oxygenation over time caused different colors of sediment to fall to the seafloor: Iron-rich layers were red and iron-poor layers were black.
Those layers of sediment eventually formed sedimentary rock, like this one at the Museum. These banded iron formations show the fluctuations in the ocean’s oxygen levels caused by ancient photosynthetic microorganisms.
Banded iron formations continued to form for about a billion years, as the microorganisms kept pumping out oxygen. When the ocean ran out of dissolved iron to react with the oxygen, oxygen began to accumulate in the ocean, and then, the atmosphere. The oxygenated atmosphere may have enabled the evolution of eukaryotes, like us.
Come to the Museum to learn more about the fascinating story of our planet!